Do Vitamins and Minerals Prevent Heart Disease in Adults?
The Bottom Line: Despite the widespread consumption of vitamins and minerals, there is the lack of evidence supporting efficacy in preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD). For the general population, the focus should be on obtaining these nutrients through a healthy diet that emphasizes plant-based foods, especially plant proteins.
US Preventive Service Task Force Recommendation Statement: This statement evaluates the evidence regarding certain supplements. The recommendations apply to community-dwelling individuals without known underlying health conditions. The Task Force states there is insufficient evidence to assess the balance of benefits and harms of single- or paired-nutrient supplements. The Task Force recommends against the use of beta carotene or vitamin E supplements for the prevention of cardiovascular disease or cancer.
Vitamin D Supplements
Vitamin D helps the body absorb and use calcium and supports the proper function of muscles, nerves and the immune system. Studies have not demonstrated significant effect of vitamin D on cardiovascular events. There is some evidence that vitamin D may reduce the risk of certain cancers. It is recommended not to rely on the sun to meet vitamin D needs since it increases the risk of skin cancer. Daily dosage recommendations depend on factors such as age (ability to produce vitamin D decreases with age) and health conditions (example: osteoporosis, conditions affecting vitamin D absorption).
Vitamin A, C and E Supplements
The American Heart Association recommends against taking supplements such as vitamin A, C and E, as scientific evidence does not support their benefit.
Omega-3 Supplements
More research is needed to determine who may benefit from omega-3 supplements. These supplements may interact with common medications. It is recommended to consume fatty fish at least twice a week to obtain sufficient EPA and DHA omega-3s. Fish such as Atlantic salmon, wild salmon, Pacific mackerel, herring, and rainbow trout are high in omega-3s and low in mercury content.
Key Points
Incorporate cardiovascular risk screening and risk stratification as appropriate.
Identifying and managing cardiac risk factors is essential to prevent CVD.
Emphasize the importance of heart health nutrition to obtain essential vitamins and minerals.
Vitamin and mineral supplements should be taken only in addition to a heart healthy diet and in consultation with a healthcare practitioner.
Note: This article does not address specific guidelines and recommendations for the use of supplements in individuals with specific illnesses, women who are pregnant or trying to become pregnant, or those with nutritional deficiencies.
Articles of Interest
American Heart Association: Dietary Supplements: Hype or Help for Good Health Dietary Supplements: Hype or Help for Good Health | American Heart Association
Canadian Cancer Society, Eating well extras to consider | Canadian Cancer Society
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Heart and Stroke, Cara Rosenbloom. (2021). Your healthy fish guide | Heart and Stroke Foundation
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Mayo Clinic Fish Oil: Fish oil - Mayo Clinic
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